在B站上看见不是一回两回了,每逢涉及星战战斗机空战的视频弹幕和评论区几乎必然会有人吐槽为何依然是采用更考验飞行员技术的一二战式的视距内狗斗,而非像现代战机一样使用空空导弹在中远距离进行超视距打击,随即便衍生出了“星战战机制导技术不行”“星战观瞄技术落后不如现代”“现代战机吊打星战战机”等奇葩言论。那么事实真的是如此吗?有人予以反驳,认为星战本身是太空歌剧,不需要遵循现实的军事常识,卢卡斯及其同事从二战空战影像汲取灵感设计空战场景,狗斗比超视距作战更容易吸引观众,没必要较真。仅从场外角度看这种观点不无道理,也符合现实情况;但星战作为一个发展了四十多年的大IP,产生的衍生作品不计其数,却未能对一个从77年第一部电影上映时就形成的问题做出世界观内的合理解释未免过于滑稽。那么众多星战作品真的在辨析“战斗机不使用导弹作为主要武器”问题的方面毫无线索吗?答案是否定的。
一、定向能武器的优点与导弹的反制手段
【资料图】
首先我们查询伍基百科上对于“导弹”这一武器的词条,可以在新正史词条中发现如下信息:
Missile weapons were considered a complement to blasters and other energy weapons because of their unique characteristics.
由于其独特的特性,导弹武器被认为是爆能和其他能量武器的补充。
However, missiles were much easier to dodge than blasters and were vulnerable to being shot down.——Star Wars Complete Vehicles, New Edition
然而,导弹比爆能更容易躲避,而且很容易被击落。——《星球大战:完全载具图解(新编)》
Missiles were also vulnerable to a number of electronic countermeasures such as sensor jammers, seeker warheads, chaff, and sensor inverters.——Star Wars: Squadrons
导弹也容易受到许多电子对抗措施的攻击,例如传感器干扰器、自动导引弹头、箔条和传感器逆变器。——《星球大战:战机中队》
从词条中我们可以得知导弹是作为机载能量武器的补充而存在的,未能成为主要武器的原因在于比能量武器更易于拦截,同时也容易遭到电子战攻击。那么我们来看看其他星战作品,是否有更多佐证。
2013年出版的《完全载具图解》中提及激光炮和涡轮激光炮能量束的弹速是光速,很明显导弹的飞行速度达不到光速,而飞船在实空间中的飞行速度最多只能达到亚光速(新正史《雷穆斯》小说除外),更何况战斗时基本也不会开到那么快,这意味着敌方目标只要完全出现在瞄准计算机的准星中,激光炮就必定能命中目标。因此在相同的射程内,能量武器的命中率要优于导弹。同时,因为单架战斗机可携带的制导武器数量有限,能量武器在备弹量上也会占据优势。
The Victory I-class Star Destroyer was well known for its battery of concussion missiles, but newer capital ships like the Imperial-class Star Destroyer replaced them with ion cannons because missiles were expensive and could only be carried in limited numbers. Some were equipped with multiple lock-on systems.
胜利I级歼星舰以其震荡导弹发射架组而闻名,但像帝国级歼星舰这样的新型主力舰用离子炮取代了它们,因为导弹价格昂贵且携带数量有限。有些配备了多个锁定系统。(旧正史)
导弹的成本更高,导致军队更愿意采用技术成熟而廉价的能量武器。
在导弹反制方面,拦截飞行速度低于光速的目标显然比拦截飞行速度达到光速的目标要更容易,星战战斗机也会使用与现代战斗机类似的拦截手段(旧正史):
Warhead countermeasureswere self-defense mechanisms employed on various small spacecraft such as starfighters and light freighters, designed to protect the ship against incoming warheads. They came in at least three varieties: antimissile missiles, chaff, and flares.——Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance
弹头反制措施是星际战斗机和轻型货船等各种小型飞船采用的自卫机制,旨在保护飞船免受来袭弹头的攻击。它们至少分为三种:反导导弹、箔条和照明弹。——《星球大战:X翼 同盟》
The chaffcountermeasure was a means of protection against warheads commonly mounted on small spacecraft. Deployed from the ship's aft, a chaff burst caused a scattering of particles designed to confuse a warhead's guidance system, detonating the warhead prematurely and thus protecting the ship itself.
箔条反制措施是一种防止通常安装在小型飞船上的弹头的手段。从船尾部署的箔条爆炸会导致粒子散射,这些粒子旨在混淆弹头的制导系统,从而过早引爆弹头,保护舰船本身。
A flarewas a pyrotechnic device that either functioned as a warhead countermeasure on a starship, or as a signal flare to transmit a priority message if communications were not functioning.
Countermeasure flares were anti-warhead defense mechanisms used by small spacecraft. They consisted of a supply of small, inexpensive low-yield warheads whose targeting systems were designed to home in on incoming warheads and detonate them before they posed a threat to the ship itself. If no incoming warheads were detected, the flare would instead home in on the nearest enemy starfighter, though not powerful enough to cause significant damage, it was useful as brief distraction. While less accurate, and therefore less reliable, than the chaff type, the flare was more versatile.
照明弹是一种烟火装置,既可以作为飞船上的弹头反制装置,也可以作为信号弹在通信无法正常工作时传输优先信息。
反制照明弹是小型飞船使用的反弹头防御机制。它们由小型、廉价的低当量弹头组成,其瞄准系统旨在锁定来袭弹头,并在它们对舰船本身构成威胁之前将其引爆。如果没有检测到来袭弹头,照明弹就会转向最近的敌方星际战斗机,虽然威力不足以造成重大伤害,但它可以短暂的分散注意力。虽然不如箔条型那样准确,因此也不太可靠,但照明弹的用途更广。
Some X-wings were equipped with decoy and carbon-fiber chaff mines that could be fired in dogfight situations. The decoys would broadcast a sensor signature similar to the X-wing, confusing enemy scanners. The carbon-fiber chaff mines would create dangerous clouds of sensor-opaque debris that could damage pursuing vehicles or prematurely detonate incoming warheads.——Databank有些X翼配备了诱饵雷和碳纤维屑雷,可以在缠斗时发射。诱饵雷会播发类似X翼的传感特征,迷惑敌方扫描器。碳纤维屑雷会制造危险的传感迟钝碎片云,能破坏追击的飞船或提前引爆来袭的弹头。——Databank
由此可见星战战斗机不仅可以使用多种设备干扰来袭导弹,也可以使用专门的反导导弹来拦截导弹,而现代战斗机使用近程格斗弹来拦截导弹的效率是较为低下的。
Electronic countermeasures, otherwise known as ECM, was an electronic system designed to fool sensors into reading wrong or no information. The CIS utilized this system during the Battle of Coruscant. It was also used during the Battle of Endor by Death Squadron.
电子对抗,也称为ECM,是一种电子系统,旨在欺骗传感器读取错误信息或不读取信息。CIS在科洛桑战役期间使用了这种系统。它也被死亡分舰队在恩多战役中使用。(旧正史)
帝国TIE战斗机飞行员瓦尔科·格雷骇入新共和国X翼飞行员发射的导弹。
所有战斗机都会使用大功率干扰信号。
A sensor jammerwas a type of jammer capable of blocking or fooling sensors. Powerful generators flooded areas with static and random signals, effectively overwhelming and confusing local sensors. Starships using sensor jammers could conceal their exact location using a sensor jammer, but the downside was that the vessel also broadcast its general location. Sensor jammers were indiscriminate and fouled the sensors of friends and foes alike.——The Star Wars Sourcebook
This could effectively cause a ship to go unnoticed by any possible observers, and also to prevent an attacker from gaining a weapons lock on the ship.
The size and power behind a sensor jammer determined the strength of the jamming signal and the affected area. For example, the A-wing's 4X-Phantom short-range sensor jammer could jam the sensors and communications of other starfighters, but the sensors carried by larger capital ships would be able to burn through the jamming signal. An Imperial-class Star Destroyer meanwhile could broadcast a jamming signal powerful enough to block out all scanner and communication channels system-wide, forcing their opponents to rely on visual sensors and hand-held communicators.
传感器干扰器是一种能够阻挡或欺骗传感器的干扰器。强大的发生器用静态和随机信号淹没区域,有效地淹没和混淆了本地传感器。使用传感器干扰器的星际飞船可以使用传感器干扰器隐藏它们的确切位置,但缺点是该船还会广播其大致位置。传感器干扰器不分青红皂白地干扰友军和敌人的传感器。——《星球大战资料集》
这可以有效地使一艘飞船不被任何可能的观察者注意到,也可以防止攻击者用武器锁定飞船 。
传感器干扰器背后的尺寸和功率决定了干扰信号的强度和受影响的区域。例如,A 翼的4X-“鬼怪”短程传感器干扰器可以干扰其他星际战斗机的传感器和通信,但大型主力舰携带的传感器将能够穿透干扰信号。同时,一艘帝国级歼星舰可以广播干扰信号,其强度足以封锁全星系的所有扫描器和通信通道,迫使对手依赖视觉传感器和手持通信器。(旧正史)
传感器干扰器可以影响不同范围区域内的传感器,迫使敌人进行视距内作战。
There were several means available to starfighters for spotting enemy craft: electronic sensors, visual scanners, and visual contact. If a fighter's electronic scanners were jammed by an opposing force, the pilot could instead switch to visual scanners, which were essentially video cameras with telescopic lenses which allowed a pilot to spot incoming craft long before they could be seen by the naked eye. Such sensors were impossible to jam save for the employment of cloaking devices, which were rarely if ever used in such engagements. Most engagements took place at ranges that permitted pilots to actually see their opponents with their own unaided eyes; this was referred to as visual contact.——The Rebel Alliance Sourcebook
星际战斗机有几种方法可以用来发现敌机:电子传感器、视觉扫描器和视觉接触。如果战斗机的电子扫描器被敌对力量干扰,飞行员可以改用视觉扫描器,这种扫描器本质上是带有伸缩镜头的摄像机,可以让飞行员在肉眼看到飞行器之前很久就发现它们。除了使用隐形设备外,此类传感器不可能被干扰,而在此类交战中很少使用隐形设备。大多数交战发生在允许飞行员用肉眼实际看到对手的范围内;这被称为视觉接触。——《义军同盟手册》
The IFF Confuserwas a starship countermeasure system used in lieu of modifications to a ship's Identify Friend or Foe system. Launched into the midst of a battle, the Confuser would broadcast a signal which scrambled the IFF systems of nearby starships and causing ships within its effected radius to be unable to identify friend from foe.
IFF混淆器是一种星际飞船对抗系统,用于代替对飞船的敌我识别系统进行修改。在战斗中发射时,混淆器会广播一个信号,扰乱附近星际飞船的敌我识别系统,导致其影响半径内的飞船无法识别敌友。(旧正史)
与现代战争相同,星战世界观的战争中也会出现频繁的高强度电子对抗,绝不是一般路人/云黑所说的不存在电子战的情况。
令人感到惊诧的是,除了使用电子对抗和实体弹药干扰来袭导弹外,反应速度比现实人类更快的星战战斗机飞行员也可以在瞄准计算机的协助下使用激光炮来摧毁导弹,而现实中受限于导弹的高速度、航空机炮射程和人类的反应速度,战斗机飞行员是几乎不可能使用机炮实现对导弹的拦截的。
现实人类的极限反应速度为200毫秒,而星战人类经过专业训练后的反应速度可达数毫秒,比现实人类的极限反应速度快出了几十倍,然而在没有计算机辅助的情况下想要操控火炮击中导弹依然是一件极其困难的事情。
闪电穿过大气层呼啸而至,将暴火机器人劈成碎片。LAAT/i的球形炮塔精确地回击,使来袭导弹纷纷化成爆炸的火球,它们绽开带着浓烟的碎片,任由成群的炮艇从中飞驰而过。——《星球大战:西斯的复仇》(小说)
面对被瓦尔科·格雷骇入后向自己飞来的导弹,X翼飞行员开火将其击毁。
二、导弹与战斗机过载能力的差距
导弹能否命中战斗机的关键在于导弹过载能力必须相对于目标战机足够强大,否则目标战机就可以凭借机动摆脱导弹。
星战电影时期的导弹过载能力最高可以超过10000G,这是一个非常惊人的数据,现代的空空导弹过载能力普遍在30G——50G左右,新型号最高也不会超过70G。
看到这里一些人可能会产生疑问:既然星战世界观的导弹过载能力这么牛叉打战斗机不应该嘎嘎乱杀?现实里即便是先进的第四代、第五代战斗机,机动过载最多也只有9G,而现代空空 导弹过载能力动辄30G起步,数倍于战斗机,战斗机被击落的概率超过九成,更遑论躲避过载能力超过10000G的导弹了。那么这放在星战世界观中是否成立呢?我们先来看看下面一组数据:
从列表中我们可以发现一个普遍规律,接战目标想要摆脱导弹并不需要在机动性上超越导弹(这也不现实,血肉不可能比机器更能抵抗载荷),只需要过载能力超过导弹最大可用G值的1/3——1/4便能摆脱导弹。规律同样可以适用于星战导弹,这意味着过载能力10000G的星战导弹的实际效能往往只能发挥出3300G——2500G,那么星战战斗机的过载能力如何呢?以正传最经典的两款战斗机为例:
可以看出X翼和TIE标准的过载能力分别达到了3700G和4100G,都要高于导弹实际效能所发挥出的3300G——2500G,这代表即便在干扰手段用尽的情况下,战斗机飞行员依然有不小的概率可以将战斗机过载能力提升到极限,通过高超难度的机动来摆脱导弹。导弹在机动过载上的优势几乎不存在。
有人或许会产生新的疑问:就算战斗机机身强度可以承受这么大的过载,飞行员自身也承受不住极高强度的载荷啊?的确,现实里战斗机飞行员只能在很短时间内承受9G的过载,否则就会陷入昏迷甚至死亡,但星战世界观内的飞船普遍配置有惯性补偿器(inertial compensator),使乘员能够在数千G加速度的影响下安然无恙,这足以支持飞行员驾驶战斗机进行现实中难以想象的恐怖机动。
总结:星战世界观内的战斗机空战采用狗斗形式是世界观内的多种原因共同造成的,尽管导弹的射程和破坏力比一般机载能量武器更优,但能量武器的高精度、备弹量的限制、高昂的成本、比能量武器更易于干扰和拦截的特性以及导弹无法在与战斗机过载能力的竞争中占据压制地位的境遇决定了导弹成为了战斗机辅助武器的地位。
当然这个结论并非是绝对的,更像是动态平衡的结果,帝国同样开发过主要使用更高级导弹为打击手段的帝国导弹艇,在空战中取得了良好的战果,可惜由于帝国的崩溃最终淹没在了历史洪流中。
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